Under nation-building in Mexico after the 1910 revolution, indigenous populations were assimilated into the national mestizo class structure. Today, these indigenous groups continue to maintain their distinct ethnic identity, with 5 million Mexicans speaking 60 distinct indigenous languages. Ethnic consciousness has recently arisen in new political movements in Mexico, & indigenous groups are mobilized to defend their rights. A number of groups, profiled here, have surfaced in Oaxaca. The ethnic indigenous movements have diverse economic, social, & political demands, but have a common justification by reference to their histories, languages, & cultures. It is concluded that the nation-building process in Mexico continues to be modified. M. Pflum